Tap water report · updated November 2026
New York tap water: soft water, no PFOA or PFOS found
What’s in the water New York City Department of Environmental Protection delivers to 8.3 million people, from national testing by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the utility’s own report.
Short answer
New York tap water is soft: about 1.9 grains per gallon (32 milligrams per liter (mg/L)), according to published water quality data from New York City Department of Environmental Protection (2025). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) 2023–25 testing found no PFOA or PFOS (two PFAS “forever chemicals”) at or above its 4 parts per trillion (ppt) limit. The system had no health-based violations in the five years through September 2026. Of the 40 large US water systems The Water Monitor tracks, New York has the 5th-softest water.
Sources: New York City Department of Environmental Protection 2025 data, EPA UCMR 5, EPA SDWIS 2026Q3 · Sources and method
None found
every sample under 4 ppt
Under EPA’s 4 ppt limit
EPA UCMR 5, sampled 2023–25
Free chlorine
Carbon filters remove it
New York City Department of Environmental Protection
How New York compares with the 40 systems we track
Hardness
5th softest
of 34 systems
PFOA / PFOS
Not detected
in any EPA sample
Size
1st largest
of 40 by people served
01 · What it means
What these readings mean for your home
Each reading in plain English: what it is, how New York compares with the other systems we track, and whether there’s anything to do. The tags follow EPA’s limits and reference levels where EPA has one; for hardness, which has no EPA limit, they follow the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scale and Minnesota’s health department. New to the acronyms? Every term, in plain English.
Hardness
Nothing to doHardness is dissolved calcium and magnesium, picked up as water runs through rock. It isn’t a health issue (EPA has no limit for it). It’s what leaves white crust on faucets, spots on glasses and scale inside your water heater. It’s measured in grains per gallon (gpg); 1 gpg is about 17 mg of minerals in a liter.
Here: At 1.9 gpg, New York water is soft, the 5th-softest of the 34 systems we track. Scale won’t be a problem.
What to do: Skip the softener. It would cost money and salt for no benefit.
What the research says: Studies tie hard water to more soap use and scale. Observational studies link it with somewhat more eczema in babies, but in the largest trial a softener didn’t improve existing eczema. The studies →
Learn more →PFAS (PFOA and PFOS)
Nothing to doPFAS are a family of thousands of manufactured chemicals used in many consumer and industrial products. They break down very slowly, which is why people call them "forever chemicals." PFOA and PFOS are the two EPA regulates most tightly. They’re measured in parts per trillion (ppt): 1 ppt is about one drop in 20 Olympic swimming pools.
Here: EPA’s 2023–25 testing found no PFOA or PFOS in New York’s water at or above 4 ppt, the lowest level labs can reliably measure. 29 of the 40 systems we track can say the same; 11 had a sample over the limit.
What to do: Nothing needed by EPA’s standard. If you want PFAS lower still, the same certified filters apply.
What the research says: EPA and the National Academies link PFOA and PFOS exposure to higher cholesterol, lower vaccine response, lower birth weight and some cancers, mostly over years of drinking the water. The studies →
Learn more →Disinfectant
Nothing to doUtilities add a small amount of chlorine, or chloramine (chlorine combined with a little ammonia), so germs can’t grow in the pipes on the way to your tap. EPA allows up to 4 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of either and says water within its standards can be used for drinking, cooking and bathing.
Here: New York uses free chlorine. It’s the one that can give tap water a slight pool smell, and it’s easy to filter.
What to do: For taste, any carbon filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine works.
What the research says: Health agencies call these levels acceptable for drinking and bathing; dialysis and fish tanks are the exceptions. Studies haven’t shown shower chlorine harms skin or hair. The studies →
Learn more →Health-based violations
Nothing to doA health-based violation means the utility broke a federal drinking water rule tied to health: it went over a limit, or skipped a required treatment step. Missing a paperwork deadline doesn’t count.
Here: New York’s system had none in the five years through September 2026. That’s normal for a large system: 36 of the 40 we track had none.
What to do: Nothing to do.
Learn more →How New York compares: highest PFOA or PFOS sample
Parts per trillion (ppt), from EPA’s 2023–25 testing. The dashed line is EPA’s limit of 4.
New York: none at or above 4 ppt. Like 28 other systems we track, EPA’s testing found no PFOA or PFOS there. These 11 did:
- Miami33.0 PFOS
- El Paso8.5 PFOS
- Fort Worth8.3 PFOA
- Philadelphia8.1 PFOA
- Louisville7.5 PFOA
- Tampa6.9 PFOS
- Dallas6.3 PFOA
- San Jose6.2 PFOS
- Cincinnati6.1 PFOS
- Columbus5.3 PFOA
- Austin4.8 PFOS
If you live in New York
02 · The full results
Every PFAS result EPA recorded
EPA’s national testing (sampled 2023 to 2025) found no PFOA or PFOS at or above 4 ppt in any of 16 samples, which puts New York under EPA’s limit for both.
Results from EPA’s national testing program (UCMR 5) for New York City Department of Environmental Protection, 4 sampling points, October 2023 to January 2025. Concentrations in parts per trillion (ppt).
| Chemical | Samples | Detected | Highest | EPA limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) | 16 | 0 | none | 4 |
| PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) | 16 | 0 | none | 4 |
| PFHxS | 16 | 0 | none | 10 |
| PFNA | 16 | 0 | none | 10 |
| HFPO-DA (GenX) | 16 | 0 | none | 10 |
"None" means every sample was under EPA’s reporting level (4 ppt for PFOA). PFHxS, PFNA and HFPO-DA (GenX) are three other PFAS chemicals; EPA proposed removing their limits in May 2026, and that isn’t final.
03 · Where it comes from
The source, and who else drinks it
New York City’s water comes from three upstate reservoir systems: in non-drought periods the Delaware system supplies about 50% of the daily supply, the Catskill almost 40% and the Croton about 10%.
New York City Department of Environmental Protection serves about 8.3 million people directly, and 25 other water systems buy water from it, serving about 740,883 more. If you live in one of them, most of what’s on this page describes your water too, though hardness and disinfectant can change if your system blends in its own wells.
Most of New York City’s water travels from the Catskill Mountains through the 92-mile Catskill Aqueduct and the 85-mile Delaware Aqueduct.
New York’s water system had no health-based violations in the five years through September 2026, according to EPA’s federal database.
Largest systems that buy from New York City Department of Environmental Protection
- Yonkers City211,569
- Veolia Water New York, INC. Rd-1146,732
- Mount Vernon Water Department73,893
- Westchester Joint Water Works59,629
- Greenburgh Consolidated Wd #143,312
- Newburgh City29,000
- New Windsor Consolidated Wd25,667
- Newburgh Consolidated Wd22,282
- Scarsdale Water Department21,649
- Kensico Water District17,917
From EPA’s federal drinking water database (SDWIS), 2026Q3: community systems with an active connection buying from NY7003493. Population served.
ZIP codes New York City Department of Environmental Protection reports serving (309)
10001 · 10002 · 10003 · 10004 · 10005 · 10006 · 10007 · 10008 · 10009 · 10010 · 10011 · 10012 · 10013 · 10014 · 10016 · 10017 · 10018 · 10019 · 10020 · 10021 · 10022 · 10023 · 10024 · 10025 · 10026 · 10027 · 10028 · 10029 · 10030 · 10031 · 10032 · 10033 · 10034 · 10035 · 10036 · 10037 · 10038 · 10039 · 10040 · 10041 · 10043 · 10044 · 10045 · 10055 · 10060 · 10065 · 10069 · 10075 · 10080 · 10081 · 10087 · 10090 · 10095 · 10101 · 10102 · 10103 · 10104 · 10105 · 10106 · 10107 · 10108 · 10109 · 10110 · 10111 · 10112 · 10113 · 10114 · 10115 · 10116 · 10117 · 10118 · 10119 · 10120 · 10121 · 10122 · 10123 · 10124 · 10125 · 10126 · 10128 · 10129 · 10130 · 10131 · 10132 · 10133 · 10138 · 10150 · 10151 · 10152 · 10153 · 10154 · 10155 · 10156 · 10157 · 10158 · 10159 · 10160 · 10161 · 10162 · 10163 · 10164 · 10165 · 10166 · 10167 · 10168 · 10169 · 10170 · 10171 · 10172 · 10173 · 10174 · 10175 · 10176 · 10177 · 10178 · 10179 · 10185 · 10199 · 10203 · 10211 · 10212 · 10213 · 10242 · 10249 · 10256 · 10257 · 10258 · 10259 · 10260 · 10261 · 10265 · 10268 · 10269 · 10270 · 10271 · 10272 · 10273 · 10274 · 10275 · 10276 · 10277 · 10278 · 10279 · 10280 · 10281 · 10282 · 10285 · 10286 · 10292 · 10301 · 10302 · 10303 · 10304 · 10305 · 10306 · 10307 · 10308 · 10309 · 10310 · 10311 · 10312 · 10313 · 10314 · 10451 · 10452 · 10453 · 10454 · 10455 · 10456 · 10457 · 10458 · 10459 · 10460 · 10461 · 10462 · 10463 · 10464 · 10465 · 10466 · 10467 · 10468 · 10469 · 10470 · 10471 · 10472 · 10473 · 10474 · 10475 · 10499 · 11101 · 11102 · 11103 · 11104 · 11106 · 11109 · 11120 · 11201 · 11202 · 11203 · 11204 · 11205 · 11206 · 11207 · 11208 · 11209 · 11210 · 11211 · 11212 · 11213 · 11214 · 11215 · 11216 · 11217 · 11218 · 11219 · 11220 · 11221 · 11222 · 11223 · 11224 · 11225 · 11226 · 11228 · 11229 · 11230 · 11231 · 11232 · 11233 · 11234 · 11235 · 11236 · 11237 · 11238 · 11239 · 11241 · 11242 · 11243 · 11245 · 11247 · 11249 · 11251 · 11252 · 11256 · 11351 · 11352 · 11354 · 11355 · 11356 · 11357 · 11358 · 11359 · 11360 · 11361 · 11362 · 11363 · 11364 · 11365 · 11366 · 11367 · 11368 · 11369 · 11370 · 11371 · 11372 · 11373 · 11374 · 11375 · 11377 · 11378 · 11379 · 11380 · 11381 · 11385 · 11386 · 11405 · 11411 · 11413 · 11414 · 11415 · 11416 · 11417 · 11418 · 11419 · 11420 · 11421 · 11422 · 11423 · 11424 · 11425 · 11426 · 11427 · 11428 · 11429 · 11430 · 11431 · 11432 · 11433 · 11434 · 11435 · 11436 · 11439 · 11451 · 11690 · 11691 · 11692 · 11693 · 11694 · 11695 · 11697
From EPA’s UCMR 5 ZIP file. A ZIP can be served by more than one system; your water bill names yours. Look up any ZIP.
04 · Questions
New York water questions
Is New York tap water safe to drink?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) doesn’t grade a city’s tap water as safe or unsafe; it sets limits and records violations. By that record, New York’s water system had no health-based violations of federal drinking water rules in the five years through September 2026. EPA’s 2023–25 testing found no PFOA or PFOS (two PFAS “forever chemicals”) samples above its 4 parts per trillion (ppt) limit.
Is New York tap water hard?
New York tap water is soft: about 1.9 grains per gallon (32 milligrams per liter (mg/L)), according to published water quality data from New York City Department of Environmental Protection (2025).
Does New York tap water have PFAS?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) national testing (sampled 2023 to 2025) found no PFOA or PFOS (two PFAS “forever chemicals”) at or above 4 parts per trillion (ppt) in any of 16 samples, which puts New York under EPA’s limit for both.
Does New York use chlorine or chloramine?
Free chlorine. New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP)'s 2025 report lists free chlorine residual in the distribution system, averaging 0.6 milligrams per liter (mg/L; range not detected to 1.4).
Has New York’s water system had violations?
New York’s water system had no health-based violations in the five years through September 2026, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) federal database.
Nearest cities we cover
Sources
- 01New York City Department of Environmental Protection, 2025 water quality data (hardness), read 2026-11-04
- 02New York City Department of Environmental Protection (source water)
- 03EPA, Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) occurrence data, file posted 2026-10-15
- 04EPA, Safe Drinking Water Information System via ECHO, 2026Q3 file
- 05EPA, PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, 89 FR 32532
- 06USGS Water Science School, "Hardness of Water"
EPA system ID NY7003493 · New York City Department of Environmental Protection